"The masses have never thirsted after truth.
They turn aside from evidence that is not to their taste, preferring to deify error, if error seduce them.
Whoever can supply them with illusions is easily their master; whoever attempts to destroy their illusions is always their victim".
According to the psychologist Carl Young, the greatest threat to civilization lies not with the forces of nature,
nor with any physical disease, but with our inability to deal with the forces of our own psyche.
"We are our own worst enemies", or as the Latin proverb puts it, "Man is a wolf to man".
In 'Civilization in Transition' Jung states that this proverb "Is a sad yet eternal truism",
and our wolf-like tendencies come most prominently into play at those times of history when mental illness becomes the norm
rather than the exception in a society, a situation which Jung termed a psychic epidemic.
"Indeed, it is becoming ever more obvious", he writes,
"that it is not famine, not earthquakes, not microbes, not cancer, but man himself who is man's greatest danger to man,
for the simple reason that there is no adequate protection against psychic epidemics,
which are infinitely more devastating than the worst of natural catastrophes".
In this video we are going to explore the most dangerous of all psychic epidemics, the mass psychosis.
A mass psychosis is an epidemic of madness,
and it occurs when a large portion of a society loses touch with reality and descends into delusions.
Such a phenomenon is not a thing of fiction,
two examples of mass psychosis are the American and European Witch Hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries,
and the rise of totalitarianism in the 20th century.
During the Witch Hunts thousands of individuals, mostly women, were killed,
not for any crimes they committed, but because they became the scapegoats of societies gone mad.
"In some Swiss villages", writes Frances Hill, "there were scarcely any women left alive
after the frenzy had finally burned itself out".
When a mass psychosis occurs, the results are devastating.
Young studied this phenomenon, and wrote that the individuals who make up the infected society "Become morally and spiritually inferior".
They "Synch unconsciously to an inferior intellectual level".
They become "More unreasonable, irresponsible, emotional, erratic and unreliable".
And worst of all, "Crimes the individual alone could never stand, are freely committed by the group, smitten by madness".
What makes matters worse is that those suffering from a mass psychosis are unaware of what is occurring,
for just as an individual gone mad cannot step out of his mind to observe the errors in his ways.
So too, there is no Archimedean point from which those living through a mass psychosis
can observe their collective madness. But what causes a mass psychosis?
To answer this question, we must first explore what it drives an individual mad.
While there are many potential triggers of madness, such as an excessive use of drugs, or alcohol,
brain injuries and other illnesses, these physical causes will not concern us here.
Our concern is with psychological, or what are called psychogenic triggers,
as these are the most common culprits of the mass psychosis.
The most prevalent psychogenic cause of a psychosis is a flood of negative emotions,
such as fear or anxiety, that drives an individual into a state of panic.
When in a state of panic, an individual will naturally seek relief,
as it is too mentally and physically draining to subsist in this hyper emotional state.
While escaping from the state of panic can be accomplished through adaptive means,
such as facing up to and defeating the fear generating threat,
another way to escape is to undergo a psychotic break.
A psychotic break is not a descent into a state of greater disorder, as many believe,
but a reordering of one's experiential world,
which blends fact and fiction or delusions and reality,
in a way that helps end the feelings of panic.
Silvano Arieti, one of the 20th century's foremost authorities on schizophrenia,
explains the psychogenic steps that lead to madness.
"Firstly there is the phase of panic, when the patient starts to perceive things in a different way,
is frightened on account of it, appears confused,
and does not know how to explain the strange things that are happening".
The next step is what Arieti calls a phase of psychotic insight, whereby an individual "Succeeds in putting things together
by devising a pathological way of seeing reality, which allows him to explain his abnormal experiences.
The phenomenon is called insight because the patient finally sees meaning and relations in his experiences".
But the inside is psychotic, because it is based on delusions,
not on adaptive in life promoting ways of relating to whatever threats precipitated the panic.
The delusions, in other words, allow the panic stricken individual to escape from the flood of negative emotions,
but at the cost of losing touch with reality, and for this reason,
Arieti says that a psychotic break can be viewed as "An abnormal way of dealing with an extreme state of anxiety".
If a panic triggering flood of negative emotions, in a weak and vulnerable individual, can trigger a psychotic break,
then a mass psychosis can result when a population of weak and vulnerable individuals
is driven into a state of panic by threats, real, imagined, or fabricated.
But as delusions can take many forms, and as madness can manifest in countless ways,
the specific manner in which a mass psychosis unfolds will differ based on the historical and cultural context of the infected society.
But in the modern era, it is the mass psychosis of totalitarianism that appears to be the greatest threat.
"Totalitarianism", writes Arthur Versluis,
"is the modern phenomenon of total centralized state power coupled with the obliteration of individual human rights:
in the totalized state, there are those in power, and there are the objectified masses, the victims".
In a totalitarian society, the population is divided into two groups,
the rulers and the ruled, and both groups undergo a pathological transformation.
The rulers are elevated to an almost god-like status, which is diametrically opposed
to our nature as imperfect beings, who are easily corrupted by power.
The masses, on the other hand, are transformed into the dependent subjects of these pathological rulers,
and take on a psychologically regressed and child-like status.
Hannah Arendt, one of the 20th century's preeminent scholars of this form of rule,
called totalitarianism an attempted transformation of 'Human nature itself',
but this attempted transformation only turns sound minds into sick minds,
for as the Dutch medical doctor who studied the mental effects of living under totalitarianism wrote,
"There is in fact much that is comparable between the strange reactions of the citizens of totalitarianism
and their culture as a whole on the one hand and the reactions of the sick schizophrenic on the other".
The social transformation that unfolds under totalitarianism is built upon, and sustained by delusions,
for only deluded men and women regress to the child-like status of obedient and submissive subjects,
and hand over complete control of their lives to politicians and bureaucrats.
Only a deluded ruling class will believe that they possess the knowledge,
wisdom, and acumen, to completely control society in a top-down manner.
And only one under the spell of delusions, would anyone believe that a society composed of power-hungry rulers on the one hand,
and a psychologically regressed population on the other,
will lead to anything other than mass suffering and social ruin.
But what triggers the psychosis of totalitarianism?
As was explored in the previous video of this series,
the mass psychosis of totalitarianism begins in a society's ruling class.
The individuals that make up this class, be it politicians, bureaucrats,
or crony capitalists, are very prone to delusions that augment their power,
and no delusion is more attractive to the power-hungry
than the delusion that they can, and should control, and dominate a society.
When a ruling elite becomes possessed by a political ideology of this sort,
be it Communism, Fascism, or Technocracy, the next step is to induce a population into accepting their rule,
by infecting them with the mass psychosis of totalitarianism.
This psychosis has been induced many times throughout history, and as Meerloo explains,
"It is simply a question of reorganizing and manipulating collective feelings in the proper way".
The general method by which the members of the ruling elite can accomplish this end, is called menticide,
with the etymology of this word being a 'Killing of the mind'.
And as Meerloo further explains,
"Menticide is an old crime against the human mind and spirit but systematized anew.
It is an organized system of psychological intervention and judicial perversion
through which a ruling class can imprint their own opportunistic thoughts
upon the minds of those they plan to use and destroy".
Priming a population for the crime of menticide begins with the sowing of fear.
When an individual is flooded with negative emotions, such as fear or anxiety,
he or she is very susceptible to a descent into the delusions of madness.
Threats real, imagined, or fabricated, can be used to sow fear,
but a particularly effective technique is to use waves of terror.
Under this technique, the sowing of fear is staggered with periods of calm,
but each of these periods of calm is followed by the manufacturing of an even more intense spell of fear.
And on, and on, the process goes, or as Meerloo writes,
"Each wave of terrorizing creates its effects more easily,
after a breathing spell, than the one that preceded it
because people are still disturbed by their previous experience.
Morality becomes lower and lower, and the psychological effects of each new propaganda campaign becomes stronger;
it reaches a public already softened up".
While fear primes a population for menticide,
the use of propaganda to spread misinformation,
and to promote confusion with respect to the source of the threats,
and the nature of the crisis, helps to break down the minds of the masses.
Government officials, and their lackies in the media, can use contradictory reports,
non-sensical information, and even blatant lies,
as the more they confuse the less capable will a population be to cope with the crisis,
and diminish their fear, in a rational and adaptive manner.
Confusion, in other words, heightens the susceptibility of a descent into the delusions of totalitarianism,
or as Meerloo explains, "Logic can be met with logic,
while illogic cannot. It confuses those who think straight.
The Big Lie and monotonously repeated nonsense have more emotional appeal than logic and reason.
While the people are still searching for a reasonable counter-argument to the first lie,
the totalitarians can assault them with another".
Never before in history have such effective means existed
to manipulate a society into the psychosis of totalitarianism.
Smart phones and social media, television and the internet,
all in conjunction with algorithms that quickly censor the flow of unwanted information,
allow those in power to easily assault the minds of the masses.
What is more, the addictive nature of these technologies
means that many people voluntarily subject themselves to the ruling elite's propaganda with a remarkable frequency.
"Modern technology", explains Merloo,
"teaches man to take for granted the world he is looking at; he takes no time to retreat and reflect.
Technology lures him on, dropping him into its wheels and movements.
No rest, no meditation, no reflection,
no conversation, the senses are continually overloaded with stimuli.
Man doesn't learn to question his world anymore; the screen offers him answers ready-made".
But there is a further step the would-be totalitarian rulers can take to increase the chance of a totalitarian psychosis,
and this is to isolate the victims and to disrupt normal social interactions.
When alone and lacking normal interactions with friends, family and coworkers,
an individual becomes far more susceptible to delusions for several reasons.
Firstly, they lose contact with the corrective force of the positive example.
For not everyone is tricked by the machinations of the ruling elite
and the individuals who see through the propaganda can help free others from the menticidal assault.
If however isolation is enforced, the power of these positive examples greatly diminishes.
But another reason that isolation increases the efficacy of menticide is because, like many other species,
human beings are more easily conditioned into new patterns of thought and behaviour when isolated,
or as Meerloo explains with regards to the physiologist Ivan Pavlov's work on behavioural conditioning,
"Pavlov made another significant discovery:
the conditioned reflex could be developed most easily
in a quiet laboratory with a minimum of disturbing stimuli.
Every trainer of animals knows this from his own experience;
isolation and the patient repetition of stimuli are required to tame wild animals.
The totalitarians have followed this rule.
They know that they can condition their political victims most quickly if they are kept in isolation".
Alone, confused and battered by waves of terror,
a population under an attack of menticide descends into a hopeless and vulnerable state.
The never-ending stream of propaganda turns minds, once capable of rational thought,
into playhouses of irrational forces and with chaos swirling around them, and within them,
the masses crave a return to a more ordered world.
The would-be totalitarians can now take the decisive step, they can offer a way out,
and a return to order in a world that seems to be moving rapidly in the opposite direction.
But all this come at a price, the masses must give up their freedom,
and cede control of all aspects of life to the ruling elite.
They must relinquish their capacity to be self-reliant individuals who are responsible for their own lives,
and become submissive and obedient subjects.
The masses, in other words, must descend into the delusions of the totalitarian psychosis.
"The totalitarian systems of the 20th century represent a kind of collective psychosis.
Whether gradually or suddenly, reason and common human decency are no longer possible in such a system:
there is only a pervasive atmosphere of terror,
and a projection of 'The enemy', imagined to be 'In our midst'.
Thus society turns on itself, urged on by the ruling authorities".
But the order of a totalitarian world is a pathological order.
By enforcing a strict conformity, and requiring a blind obedience from the citizenry,
totalitarianism rids the world of the spontaneity that produces many of life's joys
and the creativity that drives society forward.
The total control of this form of rule, no matter under what name it is branded,
be it rule by scientists and doctors, politicians and bureaucrats,
or a dictator, breeds stagnation, destruction and death on a mass scale.
And so perhaps the most important question facing the world is how can totalitarianism be prevented?
And if a society has been induced into the early stages of this mass psychosis, can the effects be reversed?
While one can never be sure of the prognosis of a collective madness,
there are steps that can be taken to help effectuate a cure.
This task, however, necessitates many different approaches, from many different people.
For just as the menticidal attack is multi-pronged, so too must be the counter-attack.
According to Carl Jung, for those of us who wish to help return sanity to an insane world,
the first step is to bring order to our own minds,
and to live in a way that provides inspiration for others to follow.
"It is not for nothing that our age cries out for the redeemer personality,
for the one who can emancipate himself from the grip of the collective psychosis
and save at least his own soul, who lights a beacon of hope for others,
proclaiming that here is at least one man
who has succeeded in extricating himself from the fatal identity with the group psyche".
But assuming one is living in a manner free of the grip of the psychosis, there are further steps that can be taken.
Information that counters the propaganda should be spread as far, and as wide, as possible.
For the truth is more powerful than the fiction, and falsities peddled by the would-be totalitarian rulers,
and so their success is in part contingent on their ability to censor the free flow of information.
Another tactic is to use humour and ridicule to delegitimize the ruling elite, or as Meerloo explains,
"We must learn to treat the demagogue and aspirant dictators in our midst with the weapon of ridicule.
The demagogue himself is almost incapable of humor of any sort,
and if we treat him with humor, he will begin to collapse".
A tactic recommended by Vaclav Havel, a political dissident under Soviet communist rule who later became president of Czechoslovakia,
is the construction of what are called 'Parallel structures'.
A parallel structure is any form of organization, business, institution, technology,
or creative pursuit that exists physically within a totalitarian society, yet morally outside of it.
In communist Czechoslovakia, Havel noted that these parallel structures were more effective at combating totalitarianism than political action.
Furthermore, when enough parallel structures are created, a 'Second culture'
or 'Parallel society' spontaneously forms, and functions as an enclave of freedom and sanity within a totalitarian world.
Or as Havel explains in his book 'The Power of the Powerless',
"What else are parallel structures than an area where a different life can be lived,
a life that is in harmony with its own aims and which in turn structures itself in harmony with those aims?
What else are those initial attempts at social self-organization
than the efforts of a certain part of society to rid itself of the self-sustaining aspects of totalitarianism
and, thus, to extricate itself radically from its involvement in the totalitarian system?"
But above all else, what is required to prevent a full descent into the madness of totalitarianism, is action by as many people as possible.
For just as the ruling elite do not sit around passively, but instead take deliberate steps to increase their power,
so too an active and concerted effort must be made to move the world back in the direction of freedom.
This can be an immense challenge in a world falling prey to the delusions of totalitarianism,
but as Thomas Paine noted, "Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered;
yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph".